<text><span class="style2">opyright (C) 1993 by Robert Cadden. All Rights Reserved Worldwide. All CommercialDistribution Prohibited unless permission is obtained in writing from the author.Distribution by BBSs, Informa- tion Services, Nonprofit User Groups IS PERMITTED.Distribution by For Profit Shareware Distributors is PERMITTED if permission in writing is obtained from the author.</span></text>
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<text>Please contact the author if you want to make suggestions for changes in the stack. Your cooperation is appreciated. My Compuserv I.D. # is 73667,1420or you can communicate with me by letter. Write to: Bob Cadden 34 Ringwood Court Pompton Lakes, N.J. 07442Please reboot your computer and open the stack "How To InterpretYour Dreams." Thank you.</text>
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<text>Please contact the author if youwant to make suggestions for changes in the stack. Your cooperation is appreciated. My Compuserv I.D. # is 73667,1420 or you can communicate with me by letter. Write to: Bob Cadden 34 Ringwood Court Pompton Lakes, N.J. 07442(This message will be cleared from your screen in 15 seconds.)</text>
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<text> A zipper is a device that enables two pieces of fabric to be either attached or separated by a sliding fastener. In a dream, a zipper that won't come down may mean that something is being hidden or remains "under wraps." Possibly, that "something" is a feeling. Conversely, a zipper that won't go up may symbolize that something that should be covered or hidden is exposed to public view. A broken zipper may represent a "closure" problem with a past relationship. The relationship may no longer exist in the form it once did, as for example the relationship between parents and adult children. Rationally, both parents and children know that old behaviors, such as those that evolved around childhood dependency and parental authority and control, are no longer appropriate, but the emotional acceptance of the change still has to be accomplished.</text>
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<text> A front yard is almost always open to public view, and can represent the image of ourselves that we place "up front." In a dream, if our front yard is unkempt, we may believe that others view us as "uncaring." Possibly, this may be a disowned feeling that we have about our- selves which we project onto others in a dream. If it is the backyard that is overgrown, then possibly a situation that we should have "taken care of" in the past has grown out of control in the present. </text>
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<text> X-rays are technological eyes that literally "see through" us. They divulge to others secrets about our internal condition of which even we may not be aware. We lose our privacy in the presence of x-rays. Obviously, if in conscious life we have, or fear we have a physical problem, anxiety may lead us to dream about x-rays revealing our "defect" or illness to others. We may also use x-rays in dreams, however, as a symbol of exposure and vulnerability. We literally cannot stop x-rays, and the presence of x-rays in a dream may indicate we feel powerless to maintain a secret. The exact nature of the secret may be revealed by the "physical" problem exposed in the x-rays and the total context of the dream. If, for example, the x-rays reveal a damaged heart, then possibly the dream concerns a love relationship. If the x-rays in the dream concern an impaired liver, the symbolism may refer to a problem concerning alcohol. </text>
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<text> A wedding is a long term, intimate commitment we voluntarily make. If we dream about not going to a wedding to which we were invited, it may mean we wish to avoid a long term commitment in our life, and the intimacy associated with it. The particular commitment we are avoiding, though, may not concern marriage, or a relationship. It could be a commitment to a career or cause, or perhaps a religious calling is causing us to have an inner emotional struggle. If we dream of being jilted at our own wedding, it may be that we discern a significant other avoiding intimacy, but that is not always the case. Being jilted can also have a meaning similar to that of not going to a wedding. The reason an "opposite" scenario can have a similar meaning is that, as the creators of our dreams, we have the power to arrange the wedding drama -- or any other dream scenario -- so that in it we remain blameless. </text>
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<text> A volcano is an open in the crust of the earth through which ash and heat from the molten core of the earth escape. The cooled ash later forms a conical mountain covering the opening, and this mountain often conceals for decades the tremendous heat, pressure and molten rock which continues to be thrust up through the opening beneath it. The mountain usually appears dormant or passive until it erupts, spewing forth huge amounts of hot gases and molten lava. It is not too difficult to understand the symbolism of a volcano. What may be difficult is to act upon the dream message. If our temperment is "volcanic" we must learn to deal with the pressures of our life by ways other than repression. "Stuffing" our feelings increases the emotional pressure to release them. When they are released suddenly and inappropriately with little or no restraint, they can destroy valu- able relationships. </text>
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<text> The inhabitants of the mental realm are thoughts and, therefore, anything unclean in a dream is, in its origins, a thought. The thought becomes manifested as an object in a dream, but there is usually a correspondence between the object and the thought it represents. If we dream of an unclean dining room, we may be concerned about "dirty" appetites. An unclean kitchen may be a warning from the unconscious about what we are "cooking up" or planning to do, and an unclean living room may be an indictment of our life style. Perhaps, then, we can best characterize dreams which feature unclean areas or objects as dissuasion dreams, or dreams whose message is meant to guide us away from unwise behavior in our conscious lives. </text>
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<text> A visit to a theater, be it for a movie or a stage play, is a favorite form of entertainment in the American culture, but it is also "escapist" entertainment. We become involved in the lives of unreal characters who do not exist off-screen or off-stage. If we realize that we are in a theater while we are dreaming, our unconscious may be telling us to be aware that the behavior and the emotions which so absorb us are all pretense. Since we are the creators of our own dreams, the dream may signify that in our conscious lives we are also "making a movie" or "playing a role," that is, our outward behavior is pretense and does not reveal our true emotions. Perhaps we are disguising our authentic feelings even to ourselves.</text>
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<text> Snow is frozen rain that remains on the ground, and is cold, wet and slippery. Thus, the symbol of walking in a snowstorm may represent the feeling of being "out in the cold," (that is, feeling homeless and friendless), and the fear of losing one's "balance." The latter fear could refer to an emotional balance, or a bank balance symbolizing financial security. To be "snowed" in the context of a conversation means to be told lies or deceived. The speaker appears sincere, but his words are actually a "cover" for a hidden motive. There are also possible sexual connotations with the symbol of snow. Soiled snow, snow stained with blood (as might occur with an accident in a dream), or snow that is "plowed" could all represent the loss of virginity. If the dreamer can establish the correct context of the symbol, the identity of the specific problem may rapidly "slide" into view. </text>
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<text> Rot is an ongoing process whereby something that is dead or dying decays over a long period of time into non-existence. If the sight of the rotting process is vivid in our dream, we may be in an unpleasant situation which cannot be improved, and which keeps getting worse. We may find our own state of mind or emotions becoming "decomposed." Perhaps the only solution to the problem is to identify the conscious situation which is being symbolized in the dream, and then to end or "bury" it. In order to do that, however, we must first admit it is dead.</text>
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<text> While there are many kinds of pools, for most of us the first thought that comes to mind is of a small body of water in a man-made cement rectangular tank. There are, of course, small natural bodies of water where it is possible to swim, and there are even small areas of large bodies of water which are called pools. The earliest experience we have with being submerged in water is as a fetus in the womb. It is possible, therefore, that dreaming we are in a pool can be a disguised desire to return to a protected state, where all of our needs are met without any effort on our part. This type of interpretation fits with Sigmund Freud's concept of a "death instinct" existing in all individuals that leads us to want to return to earlier and earlier states of existence. While often a very pleasant dream, the question we must ask ourselves upon awakening is, from what type of stress or danger in our conscious life do we need to seek protection to the degree of reducing ourselves to an embryonic state? A pool also refers to a collection of individuals available for a particular type of task, such as a typing pool, a labor pool, etc. The connotation here is that the individuals in the pool have lost their individuality; e.g., one pool typist is as good as another. Many large corporations will have new employees start in a pool and then be promoted to an executive's secretary or assistant. The promotion gives them a title that specifically identifies them as an individual even if it does not include their name, e.g. "Mr. Smith's assistant" or the "Shipping Department's secretary." If we dream of getting out of a labor pool, or of being in one and being unhappy, we may feel "lost in the crowd." Conversely, if we are content being in the pool with many others, then perhaps we feel there is "safety (or job security) in numbers." A pool can also be associated with various forms of gambling; a baseball pool, football pool, etc. The game of pool is often bet upon by both players and spectators. In interpreting this type of pool in a dream the idea to focus upon is risk-taking. Who is taking the risk, why, and what is being risked are the relevant questions. The term pool can also have a personalized meaning. If the dreamer works in the insurance industry, for example, a dream about pool might relate to the sharing of risks or the "pooling" of resources. </text>
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<text> Our olfactory nerves are probably the least used of our senses. A scent usually must be very pleasant or pungent for us to consciously notice it. In dreams, an odor can be a key to a forgotten person or experience. In order to analyze the dream, we follow a familiar scent, so to speak, to its context in our memory. Once the context is established, the question becomes, what does the past context have to do with a present situation? Conversely, an unpleasant odor in a dream may be a warning from our unconscious that some relationship or ongoing experience in our conscious life, "smells" or "stinks." It is also possible, of course, that you subconsciously noticed an odor while your conscious mind was occupied. If you vividly recall smelling gas in a dream, it would be a good idea to check the gas stove or other gas powered appliances in the household. </text>
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<text> The image of being naked has several feelings associated with it. First, there is the feeling of powerlessness. While suits of armor have not been worn for several centuries, it is not uncommon for both men and women to feel more confident when well-dressed. The terms "power dresser" and "dressed for success" were used during the eighties to connote the idea that the right attire would lead to riches. No matter how well we are dressed, however, we cannot hide our insecur- ities from ourselves, and the repressed fear of being "stripped" of our "cover" may lead to truly terrifying dreams of powerlessness. Another association allied with the first is that of vulnerability. If we lose our power, we have no protection. We become easy "targets." Consciously, we know that financial loss can quickly lead to loss of our valued possessions. At a deep emotional level, however, loss of possessions through financial reversals, can lead to a crisis of identity. Often we allow our posses- sions to define our identity. Military organizations have long known the value of "stripping" a recruit of all his or her personal clothing and reissuing "uniform" attire. It makes it easier to remold the recruit's self-image so that it reflects the values of the military organization. Our identity is strongly connected to our physical appearance, which in turn is strongly defined by what we wear and how we wear it. There is probably no more vulnerable feeling than that of not knowing who we are. A third allied association is that of exposure, or shame. We can feel guilt without anyone knowing unless we tell them. But shame is the feeling of being exposed, of everyone knowing our "dark secrets," or the details of our disgrace- ful thoughts or behavior. We are "naked" before the court of public opinion, and there is nothing to hide behind. Situations in our conscious life associated with fear of exposure and shame should not be difficult to identify. Nudity in a dream need not, however, always have negative connotations. If we are naked and very joyful, then perhaps we are experiencing the freedom that come from a willingness to "uncover" our real emotions and present them to view. We may also be relishing the thought of shocking others by refusing to be restricted by social mores. The singer Madonna would be the model for this type of behavior. If we had this type of dream, however, we most likely behave in a very proper manner, and may not be consciously aware that we want to behave differently. We repress our desire to shock, and the dream comes forth from the repression. </text>
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<text> The term "meat" connotes many associations and, therefore, many possible types of symbolism. Meat is often used to emphasize masculinity, as in the terms, "He's a meat and potatoes man" or, in reference to work a man enjoys or does particularly competently, "That's his meat." Meat is often used as a humorous term for newcomers to a gathering or employment situation. They are often hailed as "fresh meat." Meat can also have a strong sexual connotation. In Freudian dream analysis one form of appetite or sensuous pleasure can be a substitute for another, so that not be serving meat in a dream may be a disguise for the dreamer's feeling of sexual deprivation. The term "dead meat" could also be connected to the dreamer's problem of impotence or frigidity, but that is not the only possible association. Eating "dead meat," for example, could reflect the literal living off of an inheritance, or the figurative living of of a "dead" relationship, as would be the case if we remained in an unhappy marriage for material convenience and comfort. </text>
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<text> A key is a multi-faceted symbol. The most obvious use of a key is that it is a tool to unlock something that is locked. If you possess a key in a dream but cannot open the lock, this may possibly indicate that you are both motivated to discover and fear discovering informa- tion which you have repressed. The fact, however, that you have given your dream self permission to have a key is an indication that you will eventually allow your repression to lift and discover another aspect of your "self." To Freudians, a key is a phallic symbol. Thus, a Freudian interpretation of a dream in which a woman has a key in each pocket is that she is having intimate relations with two men. From another perspective, a key in each pocket may imply that there is more than one secret to uncover, or that the possessor of the keys has the power to either reveal of maintain a secret. A typewriter key may be a dream "substitute" symbol for a key if there is a strong need to disguise the emotional conflict of the dream. A musical key symbol can also serve to disguise a key, but it can also serve as a symbol of harmony, or of a need to raise or lower one's emotional "key," that is, "key up" or "key down" the intensity of one's emotional state.</text>
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<text> A jail is not a particularly subtle or difficult symbol to interpret. Usually we will discover that there is an emotional situation in our life that we consciously feel we cannot leave, e.g., an unhappy marriage, but which makes us so unhappy or frustrated that we long to leave it. There may also be an additional element of punishing ourselves for our situation, that is, we "deserve" to be in jail. We may feel that we "ought" to have known this or that event was going to occur, even though rationally it would have been impossible for us to know. Possibly, we may discover in the dream that we are content to be in a jail cell as long as "the guards" leave us alone. It is not unusual in conscious life for individuals under stress to want to isolate themselves. Inmates in jails cannot get out, of course, but from another perspective, the world cannot get in. Prisoners are shielded from many of the ordinary responsibilites of life, such as paying for rent, shelter, food, and medical care, and from the responsibility of caring for others. People under great stress in their conscious life, therefore, may fantasize in a dream that a cell is a personal ashram. </text>
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<text> The simplest definition of intuition may be knowledge obtained without any conscious mental processes being used to obtain it. We know, but we don't know how or why we know. When we intuitively "know" something in a dream there are two possible logical explana- tions. The first explanation involves the process of "wish-fulfillment." We intensely want something that is for- bidden in conscious life (a love affair, possessions, dangerous or exotic experiences, etc.). We then repress the desire for the forbidden, and it comes out in dream symbolism. We realize our forbidden desire in the form of fantasy. By "intuiting" that a lover wants us, or that we will have a particular experience by turning this corner or going into that house, we "cover our trail." Should we remember the dream in the morning, we will have no memory of personal desire to embarass or alarm us. A second explanation for the appearance of intuition in a dream concerns our "tuning out" and refusing to consciously integrate a small portion of the information we are receiving during an experience, especially if the information is incongruent with the majority of the information received. For example, an acquaintance might have been smiling while congratulating us on a promotion, but his or her eyes may have been cold. Our conscious attention was focused on the conversation and the smile. At night we may dream that we "know" the friend is jealous or insincere, but the dream conversation and the circum- stances may not resemble the conscious facts at all. In fact, the friend in our dream might be someone completely different than the actual person to whom we talked. In this instance proper dream interpretation will require reviewing the mundane details of the events of the preceding day. Logical mental processes were in fact at work while we were conscious, but we were not consciously aware of them. </text>
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<text> In many dreams there is a belated anxiety attached to hurrying to a destination and discovering we are too late for whatever we were going to do at the destination. The anxiety is belated because dreams of this type are usually "regret" drems rather than "warning" dreams. That is to say, when the meaning of the dream is revealed, often the dreamer will realize that the emotional conflict symbolized by the dream is in the past. For example, a middle-aged male might dream of having left his watch behind in a men's room, and hurrying back to retrieve it. When he gets to the men's room he discovers his watch is gone. What is actually gone is time, and perhaps certain types of opportunities. The man arrives too late to retrieve his watch in his dream, because it is already "too late" in his conscious life. No one can "go back" and retrieve time, no matter how they hurry. This type of dream, then, is a working out of the dreamer's repressed anxiety and regret about that which is past. </text>
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<text> As children we learn early that falling is usually a painful experience. When a fall is part of our dream, we will often find a pun as the key to the symbolism. A female who falls, for example, could fear that she is a "fallen woman," or a woman who is promiscuous. A male dreamer might be uncomfortable to discoverhis unconscious is calling him a "fall guy," a dupe who is innocent of blame but who foolishly placed himself in a position where he received it. If the fall is feared in a dream rather than having actually taken place, then the dreamer may be in an anxious state about the possibility of such an event. Thirdly, falls in dreams also connote the dreamer's fear of becoming powerless to stop a personally catastrophic event. When we are falling we are no longer in control of our "self" and whatever we associate with that "self." Thus, we may fear not being able to stop the loss of our reputation, our temper, our money, our friends and so on. </text>
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<text> If we are wearing eyeglasses in a dream, we are bringing our attention to the matter of improved "sight." Our unconscious may be telling us that we need to "see" more clearly a pattern of behavior or an emotional conflict that we are repressing in our conscious life. If we remember the eyeglasses to be bi-focals, the problem may concern the need for two levels of perception, or it may be a problem where the conflict involves a choice between something in the present or closeby, versus something in the future or at a distance. If we remember the eye-glasses as "spectacles," we may fear that conscious revelation of our emotional conflict will be embarassing (that is, we may fear making a "spectacle" of ourselves.) Tinted glasses or sunglasses may also be a form of trying to "shield our eyes" from painful knowledge. </text>
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<text> Death in a dream can be frightening, but the unconscious has its reasons for creating the spectre that our reason does not know. First, there may be validity to Freud's theory that human beings possess a death instinct. Freud believed that there was an unconscious compulsion inside every individual that sought continually to return us to increasingly earlier states of existence, terminating in non-existence. Freudians also believe this death compulsion can be seen in conscious behavior in the form of aggressive acts and feelings. If the theory is carried to its extreme logical conclusion, an inherent part of us is always in the process of trying to end our existence.* (See author's note.) Secondly, whether or not our aggressive impulses are derived from a death instinct, we must accept that as emotional beings, we are quite capable of wishing for another's death, even though consciously we may love those who we kill off in our dreams. When we are asleep the superego, the part of the psyche that impels us while awake to adhere to moral standards in our behavior, becomes as dormant as the rest of our conscious. We can and do become murderous as nocturnal playwrights, although often we absolve ourselves by arriving on the dream "scene of the crime" after the victim has died, or by absenting ourselves from the dream crime scene entirely. The reason why we want certain individuals dead can range from simple but unconscious anger about a specific event, to a complex web of associations. Thirdly, if the dream concerns a person who is, in reality, already dead, our unconscious may be creating an unforgettable "messenger" to help us remember the dream, and the message, upon awakening. We may remember more vividly a dream message from our deceased father, for example, than would be the case if the information were presented through a less striking image. Fourthly, we may also discover that death in a dream represents not only people, but changing situations. Our unconscious may be forcing us to acknowledge that a relationship, a life-style, or a career has "passed away." A more positive way of perceiving that type of death dream, however, is that something new is being created. Ultimately, that is a far more functional perspective from which to view our dream, and our lives. </text>
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<text> *It should be noted that, in Freudian theory, the death compulsion is stymied by an equal and opposing set of instincts called life instincts, which also operate constantly.</text>
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<text> Buildings often symbolize some aspect of the dreamer's psyche and/or his physical body, as well as his conflicts. Visiting a dusty "attic" can, therefore, represent a conflict with our conscience. Similarly, if a "peeping Tom" sees us undressed in our dream bedroom, we may feel our private thoughts are becoming public knowledge. The basement or cellar in a dream building can symbolize the libido, the instinctual craving for sex or other types of sensual gratification which is present in every human psyche. The activity going on in a building also offers clues to the nature of the conflict represented by the dream. For example, a restaurant is a building where "appetites" are satisfied, although appetites do not always concern food. A hotel is a place where food and lodging are provided to transients for money. Perhaps some dreamers feel like boarders or transients without roots in their own homes. Prisons are self-evident symbols. A prisoner is restricted in many ways, and powerless concerning his basic daily routines. He eats, goes to work and leaves or enters his cell when he is told to do so. A dreamer might inquire how a building tha symbolizes powerlessness relates to his conscious life. Since buildings can also represent the physical body, it may well be important for the dreamer to note upon awakening if any part of the building was in need of repair or in danger of collapsing. A damaged boiler system with pipes going throughout the building could represent a possible cardiac condition; a roof being blown off by an explosion could symbolize the potential for a stroke; and a leak or flood could represent circulation problems. It may take time and effort to arrive at the meaning of a particular building in a dream. Buildings, however, appear frequently as symbols in dreams, and once decoded are often very revealing of the dreamer's repressed emotional conflicts or physical problems of which he or she may not be consciously aware. </text>
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<text>ATTACKING ANIMALS: Almost any animal can attack us given the appropriate circumstances. If a particular animal is fierce and threatening to attack or actually attacking us in a dream, it may well be a symbol of our emotions. The truly terrifying thing about a confrontation with enraged animals is that one of our strongest assets as human beings is almost useless in dealing with brute force. That asset is man's ability to far surpass other species in reasoning and communicating. If we are faced with combating a wild animal, the ability to reason and communicate is of little avail. Reason often flees before physical danger, and also before rage, jealousy, vindictiveness and other injurious emotions. Thus a raging dream animal may be our "animal" rage threatening to overcome our human intellectual, moral and social characteristics.BEARS: Animals are complex symbols because their meaning can range from human characteristics to puns. A bear, for example, can represent an overBEARing person. Another meaning can be derived from the homophone, "bare," which could be a message about whether we should reveal our true feelings in a situation.BULLS: Bulls have three widely varying associations. They can represent success in financial speculation, since a rising stock market is also known as a "bull market." Bulls can also represent false statements, as in the scoff, "That's a lot of bull." Thirdly, bulls are well-known symbols of male verility. The three meanings are very different, but at times two different meanings can reinforce each other, as in the case of a male dreamer who seeks to conquer in both the bedroom and the boardroom.CAT: A housecat can be considered a feminine symbol, and a symbol of the supernatural. Black cats especially have long been connected with bad luck and the netherworld. Nor should it be forgotten that cats often appear to act haughtily, distainfully and indepen- dently, and therefore may symbolize these qualities to the dreamer. Larger members of the cat family, such as leopards, tigers and panthers are also symbolic of the female and the arcane, but for obvious reasons they can be far more threatening in a dream than a housecat. An exception to the female symbolism of the cat family is the male lion, the "king" of the jungle. The male lion represents that which is masculine, arrogant and authoritative.DOGS: Dogs are reputed to be man's best friend, and undoubtedly they can and do symbolize the quality of loyalty in a dream. A dog would be a derogatory symbol, however, if it symbolized a "dog in the manger," a term meaning both a spoilsport and a selfseeker, or if its appearance in a dream was threatening to the dreamer. (See Attacking Animals above.)CONCLUSION: There is no need to create a dreamer's Noah's Ark. If you are unsure of the meaning of a particular animal in a dream, start by asking yourself three questions: 1) What conscious feelings does the dreamer have toward the particular type of animal in the dream? 2) What type of human behavior most closely resembles the behavior of the animal in the dream, and who among the dreamer's friends, family members and associates exhibited the behavior? 3) Does anyone in the dreamer's acquain- tance physically resemble the animal in the dream? </text>
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<text> The "what" of dreams are the specific objects and actions which, along with dream personages, compose the content of our dreams. They may be familiar or fantastical, humorous or horrid, poetic or prosaic, but in any guise the "what" of dreams are the creations of our unconscious and speak to us about our problems. It is, therefore, to our benefit to delve into the muck and the murk, and forage through the swamp landscape of incoherent images and activities, in order to decipher exactly what the "what" of dreams mean. It will not be an easy task. There can be no accurate dictionary defining the "what" of dreams when the same images appear several times and many never symbolize the same thing twice; when images appear briefly and then disappear forever before we can grasp their form much less their meaning; and when dream images represent parts of the self not yet known and realities not yet experienced. What can be established concerning the "what" of dreams is a process for cracking the code. CAVEAT: It cannot be stated too often that the examples given in this chapter are not the absolute and only meaning of the symbols. The explanations of the symbols, though general, are very often appropriate and valuable in interpeting the dreams of many people. Symbols can, however, have very private meanings, relating to personal experiences of the dreamers. </text>
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<text>ATHLETIC ASSOCIATIONS: When dreams concern athletes, particular attention should be paid to the sport in which they are engaged. BASKETBALL: A famous basketball player in our dreams may be a message from our unconscious mind that a goal is "over our head," or conversely, if a basket is made in our dream, that a goal we think is over our head is in fact one we can achieve if we "reach" for it. TRACK: A track star may be a symbol that we are "running away" from a problem or, if our inner conflict concerns romance, that a significant other is "running around." If we are on the track with the star, and can't keep pace with him, possibly we fear a successful competi- tor is "running circles" around us.BASEBALL: Baseball presents perhaps the most numerous and varied athletic dream images. The game is sometimes called "hard ball," and "playing hardball" is often used as a term for getting tough with the competition. Who, then, is our competition? Hitting a "home run" may indicate a desire to go home, although not necessarily a physical home. It could mean a place or a state of mind where we feel loved or secure. If we are "thrown out at home," or "strike out" (at home plate), both images reflect problems concerning people with whom we live. If we are the catcher and our mask slips, we may be concerned our real feelings about a problem will become apparent, or that our "guard is down."FOOTBALL: Football terms also provide colorful dream messages. If we are the quarterback and get tackled behind the line of scrimmage in our dream game, we may feel we are "losing ground" in dealing with a problem. Being penalized for having an "ineligible pass receiver downfield" may signify guilt over our romantic intentions. If our long passes are incomplete, our unconscious may be trying to tell us that we are trying to achieve too much in too short a time, and if the passes are intercepted, it may be a warning that continuing a risky course of action could bring about the exact opposite of what we intend. Every sport has its own idioms and colorful jargon, which is translated by our dream mind into messages. Additionally, by noting the position we or other dream figures play on the team, the activity that occurs involving those positions, and how that activity parallels situations in our conscious life, we will probably address some basic aspects of some basic problems, and very probably receive some basic answers. </text>
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<text>OCCUPATIONS AND PROFESSIONS: We may well have many dreams which involve people who are not famous, familiar or notorious. In that instance the employment activities of these individuals may offer a clue as to why they are present in our dreams.LABORER: If we apply the title "construction worker" to a laborer, it may mean our dream concerns an individual who is helping us in some way. On the other hand, if the laborer is working hard without achieving anything (for example, the ditch is no longer or the hole is no deeper), the message may be that we, or someone in our conscious life, is "laboring" under a delusion, or believes an activity is accomplishing something it is not. A laborer wearing a hard hat, may symbolize someone who is "hardheaded," which could mean a very practical person, or one who is not open to new ideas. The main thing to keep in mind is that there are many ways to define an individual's job, and in dream interpretation we may have to "transer" a dream character to several different job assignments until we find the individual and/or the meaning that "fits" the dream.FIREMEN: Firemen are usually considered "good guys" in our lives, and often in our dreams. They are the rescue squad of the dream world, putting out the fires of anger, passion and sex we may not consciously be aware were burning. If in our dream firemen are not doing their job, then possibly we may not be sure in our own minds whether we want to extinguish the situation or activity symbolized by the fire.GARBAGEMEN: Garbagemen have low social status, but they also have a well-defined function in the community. If we dream we are a garbageman, we may feel we are receiving criticism that is not warranted. Garbagemen pick up the garbage, they do not create it.MEDICAL SPECIALISTS: Individuals who are involved in the medical professions are considered"helping people." In dreams, their medical specialty becomes important in understanding the message we are receiving. A doctor who is a back specialist, may be a dream guide warning us to pay attention to what is going on behind us. A throat specialist could symbolize a warning from the unconscious that there is danger in "swallowing" or believing all that we are hearing. An eye doctor could represent a suggestion we scrutinize someone or something more closely, and an ear doctor may be a message that we are not "getting the word" or understanding something. A surgeon who is amputating our arms may be a message that we are "unarmed" or vulnerable in a situation. A similar message could be involved with medical treatment or surgery on our legs. That is to say, we may be placing ourselves in a situation where we will not be able to "stand up" to someone. It is, of course, entirely possible that our unconscious mind may have detected a real health problem. The presence of a heart specialist in our dream may have many meanings. It does not necessarily mean we are in danger of an imminent cardiac arrest. If we are not having any problems of a romantic nature, however, it might be well to consider going for a cardio-vascular checkup. Often the unconscious mind is well in advance of the conscious mind in detecting health problems.NEWS REPORTERS: Newspaper reporters, television news personalities and radio announcers are all involved in communications. If in our dream we hear a newscaster announce an old event, our unconscious may be telling us that we are the last to know news of a more personal nature. A reporter announcing or writing about a flood may symbolize events in our personal life are out of control. Reports about fires represent much the same thing, with the added element that the problem probably concerns anger, passion or sex. War correspondents may be informing us about a hidden "war" or conflict within ourselves, or between us and another. Reporters speaking about funerals, deaths and disasters may be addressing the "death" of a relationship, or the end of a phase of our lives (leaving school, getting divorced, quitting a job, etc.).POLICEMEN: Policemen are authority figures. As is true of presidents and priests, they could also represent father figures or the "parent" part of our ego. It is important to note, though, whether our dream mind has specified a particular type of law enforcement officer. A state trooper may well be a symbol of a particular emotional"state" of mind; a correction officer may be signifying that in some way we feel restricted or "imprisoned;" and a "peace officer" may represent a third party that is the key to resolving a conflict. A prejudiced "southern sheriff," on the other hand, may represent someone in authority over us who we believe to be corrupt and/or incompetent.SALESPEOPLE: Salespeople are persuaders. They try to get us to buy something that may or may not be to our benefit. By virture of the fact that they profit from the sale, however, it is always of benefit to them. Someone in our conscious life, therefore, may be trying to "sell" us inferior goods or "shoulds," pressuring us to accept values or points of view which we don't want to accept. If a discount is involved in the transaction, our unconscious may be telling us to "discount" or pay no attention to the pressure, or the message may be that the item (and the problem symbolized by it) can be negotiated. The type of item being sold also offers insight into the meaning of the dream. The presence of an insurance salesman in our dream indicates a problem with security, although, depending on other content in the dream, it could concern emotional rather than financial security. A jewelry salesperson may be a symbol of an opportunity to obtain something very valuable. Again the value, and the cost, may have nothing to do with money. A shoe salesperson may symbolize, depending on the type of shoe we are buying in the dream, that we "take a hike" (walk away from a situation) or that we need more "support" in some activity. A clothing salesperson may be a disguised warning that we need to "cover" or protect ourselves in some way, perhaps from criticism or gossip. If someone else is buying new clothes, then conversely the message may be that they are "covering up" their true feelings.SECRETARIES: Secretaries also deal with communications, as do reporters, but on a more restricted and personal basis. In fact, the term secretary originated from a Latin word meaning secret, and was once used to refer to an assistant who knew how to keep his employer's confidences. A secretary in a dream could represent that part of us that knows something our conscious mind has repressed. It may be wise to pay particular attention to the content of the letter or report a secretary in a dream is communicating.TEACHERS: Teachers may be difficult to decode as dream symbols, because we often have conflicting feelings about them. Some teachers have been our friends, others may have disliked us, and traditionally students and teachers have had a quasi-adversary relationship. Teachers are counselors, disciplinarians and persons engaged in many activities apart from their teaching role. With this in mind, it is perhaps best to try and identify the feeling tone of a dream about teachers. In a dream are they, or we, happy, angry, pleased, disappointed or curious? A common dream about teachers often concerns an exam. If in a dream we are concerned about an exam, we may want to ask ourselves, in what area of our life are we being "tested?" If the test is a "final exam" that is an additional clue that the dream concerns either a situation that we feel in some way will change our life, or a decision which once made cannot be changed. Common themes among dreams concerning teachers and students are teaching or learning a lesson (and in this regard problems may be the best teachers of all), coming too late to class (it may already be too late to resolve the problem in a satisfactory manner), listening to a lecture (we are being criticized), and textbooks that are blank or the wrong book for the subject (we feel unprepared to deal with a problem confronting us.) It should also be noted that a particular class subject may be a key element in understanding a dream about teachers. For example, if a teacher is explaining a math problem we don't understand, something is not "adding up" for us. We may feel we have all the facts about a matter, but we aren't sure how they fit together. If we are trying to understand a foreign language in a dream, we may discover someone in our conscious life is "not talking our language," or has a totally different view of what is right or desirable in a situation. Similarly, a history teacher may be talking to us about a present problem whose origins are in the past, and a music teacher or an English teacher may be giving us the message from our unconscious that we need to emotionally "compose" our- selves. </text>
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<text>END NOTES: Due to the nature of the subject, this chapter could continue on to infinity. The unconscious is infinitely creative in the people it selects as messengers in our dreams. Giving infinite examples of how to associate dream characters with problems in our conscious life is not, however, the purpose of this chapter. Nor is it its purpose to explore all of the nuances of the unconscious in the characters it creates and presents and in dreams. The purpose of this chapter is rather to demonstrate that, however well-disguised they are, however artfully camouflaged within our dream landscapes, the identities of the mysterious stranger in our dreams CAN be decoded. If we persistently probe the puns and dissect the names, patiently unravel the skein of occupations from the snarls of the dream shadows and carefully analyze associations, we will confront the sometimes threatening, always mystifying strangers and be able to say, "Oh, it's only you."</text>
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<text>CRIMINAL ASSOCIATIONS: Certain types of individuals are so morally offensive, we wonder how they found their way into our dreams. The unconscious mind, however, has found a way to put such images to good use in giving us important information about ourselves. One aspect of criminals in our dreams relates to the type of crime or criminal involved. Being robbed by an addict, for example, could mean that we or someone important to us is "addicted," to what appears consciously to be normal or acceptable behavior such as work, relationships with friends or family, or controlling our emotions. Rape may symbolize a fear that intimacy is being forced upon us (not necessarily sexual intimacy), and robbery that we are losing something we value due to the behavior of another person (self-repect, independence, etc.). If we are trying to stop a particular type of crime from occurring, and fail or are "too late," the symbolism may mean that the "crime" already occurred in our past and we repressed the experience. Another aspect of criminals in dreams relates to the Jungian concept of the "shadow." (See Chapter I). The shadow is the dark, "evil" side of human nature. According to Jung, every individual has a shadow. Thousands of years ago when the human species lived in caves instead of communities, murderous impulses could be acted out without fear of punishment by the criminal justice system. In the modern world emotionally murderous or other anti-social impulses are not acceptable as either external behavior or as part our self-image. Most "decent people" deal with their shadow emotions through the mechanism of repression. Our unconscious can recall the emotions in our sleep, however, and symbolize them as criminals in our dreams. As long as we accept when we wake that these "criminal" emotions are normal and a part of every person's psyche, there is no reason to fear them. </text>
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<text>ROLE ASSOCIATIONS: Another way of unbearding the dream actor in our midnight drama and discovering his true identity, is to consider the role of the person our unconscious has sent forth. A priest may be our "father," a monk our "brother," and a nun a "sister" (or a "mother" figure if her rank is that of Mother Superior.) On a more secular level, if we dream about George Washington and do not know anyone with the first name of George or the surname of Washington, we may want to recall that George Washington is often referred to as the "father" of his country. Presidents are, of course, authority figures in both fact and dream fantasies. Therefore, a dream about President Grant may reveal a desire for an authority figure in our own lives to give or "grant" us something. It is also possible for presidential or authority figures not to represent actual personalities at all, but rather serve as symbols of our hopes or fears. President Lincoln, for example, may represent our hope to be "emancipated" or free of a problem, and President Hoover may represent our fear of an emotional "depression." Actors and actresses are, by the very nature of their profession, "role models." Some stars, however, have personalities that are so well known, or they play a particular role so often and so well, that their real personalities and the type of character they portray become one and the same in the minds of the public. Robert Young, was identified with the image of a caring medical doctor years after his series Marcus Welby, M.D. was out of production. John Wayne, an almost mythic figure in American culture, played many varied types of parts, from cowboys in the old west to soldiers and detectives in the modern world. Yet, he was always the same character in different costumes. That is to say, he always portrayed a strong, courageous hero who was a fiercely loyal friend to his male companions, just plain fierce toward his male enemies (who were always "bad guys,") and caring if not always gentle with women. A dream, therefore, about Robert Young, John Wayne or other "typecast" actors and actresses, may well concern the character type rather than a particular character role. In some instances, of course, the particular role being played is more of a key to decoding dream symbolism than the actor or actress in the role. The problems portrayed, for example, on the t.v. series "Thirty Something" would seem to be more relevant to the show's success than any particular actor or actress. Apparently millions of "yuppie generation" viewers identified their own problems and lifestyles with those of the fictitious characters on the show. At times, a major event in the life of an actor or actress becomes so prominent, that when we dream about that person the dream is actually concerned with the type of event in which they were involved. Richard Pryor, for example, suffered terrible burns several years ago as a result of an accident involving cocaine. Todd Bridges, a young television star on "Different Strokes" was incarcerated due to violent behavior associated with his use of illegal drugs. Gary Busby was severely injured in a motorcycle accident. Theresa Soldana was a victim of an obsessed, mentally ill fan who tried to stab her to death. An obsession with Jodie Foster led John Hinckley to seek her attention by attempting to assassinate Ronald Reagan. Most recently, Michael Landon has been stricken with cancer, and there has been a great deal of news coverage on his courageous battle. Perhaps the reason we dream about the famous and infamous, is that their problems can be a great deal like the problems of ordinary people. Ill fortune, illness and poor judgment can afflict any of us at any time. In summary, an actor or actress may represent a particular personality type or rather than a single character, and that particular type of personality in turn, may represent or be strongly related to our problem. We then dream about that problem in the guise of a fictional character. Additionally, at times a major event in the life of an actor or actress becomes so prominent that when we dream about that person the dream is actually concerned with the type of event in which they were involved. The event, not the personality, becomes the key to understanding the dream. </text>
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<text>WHO'S THAT? As is the case with why we dream, no one is certain of how the unconscious mind selects the personalities that people our dreams. These personalities can represent other people living or dead, abstract character traits, or serve to set the "feeling tone" of the dream. Their presence in the dream helps us to remember a mood, a time or a place that is in some way related to the inner conflicts we are experiencing. The people in our dreams, therefore, most often serve as symbols of and signposts to our true feelings. The question remains, of course, if the person we dream about does not represent himself or herself, how do we discover who he or she does represent? By pressing on the hand icon below, you will see that there are many paths to discovery. </text>
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<text>NAME ASSOCIATIONS: Consider first the name of a person in our dreams. Quite often a dream personality named Jim or John is simply a substitute for another person with the same first name. On a slightly more sophisticated level, the unconscious mind has a tendency to disguise names by concealing them with activities or puns. A man pounding a horseshoe on an anvil, therefore, may represent a person whose surname is Smith; someone painting a picture may symbolize a person named Arthur, and so on. While the symbolization may seem crude to the conscious mind, important conflicts are often hidden within such "nonsense" symbols. We may, for example, inwardly groan if we have a dream in which someone inquires, "Who's been here," and awake to realize that "been" is a pun for the name Ben. If we are Ben, however, we are asking a question concerning our own basic identity. Who is the core person behind all the masks we show to the world? That is a question which has perplexed saints and sinners, the great and the unknown alike.</text>
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<text> We can now understand why the "why" of dreams is such a complex subject. Four scientists of the mind, all with great intellect, professional accomplishment and concern for their fellow man, all reach different conclusions about why men dream. Freud sees it as wish fulfillment, Jung as the process of compensation in action, Fromm as the behavior of the unconscious when free from the restrictions of the conscious, and Perls as the need of repressed experiences to complete themselves. The important questions is not who is right and who is wrong. In the world of dream analysis everything works, and everything fails. It is not so much a question of the process, as of the person and his problems. No one method will work for everyone. The important question, then, concerns YOU. Why do YOU want to know about your dreams? Why are YOU reading this book? If you are only after food for thought, be aware that some self-truths are going to be unpalatable. If you want to "play" with your dreams, know now that dream analysis is a superhighway to self-knowledge. You must go with the flow or stay off the road. Otherwise, you may get hurt in the traffic of the unconscious. If, however, you are committed to your own personal growth, interpreting your dreams may well be your best starting point. It is not magic. It is not sorcery. You will not become a scholar of the supernatural. You will become an explorer, and you may well discover some surprising truths about your nature. If you use those truths to become all you can be, you will also discover that can be super too.</text>
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<text>FREDERICK ("FRITZ") PERLS: Gestalt is a German word meaning the separate feelings, emotions, thoughts, values, etc. that form the context or "whole" of an experience. Perls agreed with Freud that when experiences are unpleasant, and cause us psychic pain when we think about them, we want to repress them. Unlike Freud, however, Perls did not agree with the approach of a lengthly analysis of one's past. He believed in a "here and now" approach to problems. To Perls, the "why" of dreams is due to a repressed experience creating its own need in the unconscious to be completed. Let us say we are resentful because we wanted to express anger at a particular person and did not. That resentment remains inside our unconscious mind, causing us problems such as indigestion, headaches or anxiety, until that experience is completed. That is, until we either express the resentment, or consciously accept we are not going to express it and are willing to forget (not repress!) the incident. There are thousands of possible unfinished "gestalts" inside our minds. When we let go of the indigestion, headaches and anxiety in sleep, the unfinished gestalts still hound us in the form of dreams. These gestalts, though, are not deeply buried. They will come to consciousness as soon as we stop repressing them.EXAMPLE OF GESTALT DREAM ANALYSIS: One way to make it easier for the gestalt to come forth is through dream analysis. Unlike the Freudian approach, in which a patient and a psychoanalyst discuss a dream alone, the dreamer using the gestalt method of dream analysis tells his dream aloud within a group setting. In an even greater departure from Freudian psychology, the dreamer tells his dream to the group as though he were the objects in his dream. A dream, for example, might simply be that a fat person sits down in a chair. Assuming the identity of the chair the dreamer tells the group, "That fat person is crushing me, and I'm sick and tired of being sat upon." The Gestalt analyst may have the dreamer repeat that sentence to every person in the group so that the dreamer cannot hide or repress his resentment. The analyst may then tell the dreamer to become the fat person. The dreamer might then say, "I'm a big person and if the chair isn't strong enough to bear my weight, it's not very good at its job." In this manner, the dreamer's conflicts become known. No one in the group is allowed to rewrite the dreamer's script, or make criticisms such as "A chair wouldn't talk that way." In the Gestalt approach, the meaning of a dream is not interpreted, it is uncovered. </text>
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<text>ERICH FROMM: Erich Fromm believed that the "why" of dreams could be found in the nocturnal freedom of the mind. There are no laws of logic that confine and channel our thoughts in sleep. Matter can move faster than the speed of light, objects can defy gravity and time can be made malleable by the workings of the unconscious. Individuals have the power of inventing new ways of "seeing" reality. It should be no surprise then that profound truths, deep insights and simple solutions to complex problems are the harvest of the mind's evening activities. It is the nature of the unconscious to create and communicate when freed from the power and propensity of the conscious to suppress it. THREE TYPES OF SYMBOLS: The unconscious creates and communicates in a language free from all cultural bias, the language of symbols. Fromm arranged symbols into three categories. The first category consists of "conventional" symbols, such as words, where a particular sound is understood to have a specific meaning among a group of people. English speaking people, for example, under-stand the word "water" to mean a liquid containing molecules of hydrogen and oxygen in its composition. Now there is nothing in the word "water" that tells us about molecules. We understand what"water" means through association of the word with that particular liquid. The word "water," therefore, is not a universal symbol. A Spanish speaking person could not be expected to know what is meant by the two syllable sound "wot-er." If you say the word "agua," however, another conventional symbol, he or she would immediately share your understanding of water. "Accidental" symbols are even more limited in their use, because the association is between a symbol and a personal experience. Many couples, for example, adopt a particular melody as"their song." Hearing that melody will evoke memories of each other, even though the partners may have separated, married others and have not seen each other in decades. The third category, "universal" symbols, is somewhat of a stew with the recipe calling for a pinch of the conventional and a dash of the accidental. Universal symbols are not arbitrary agreements or associations. There is a definite connection between the symbol and the feeling or problem that is symbolized. That is to say, the problem may be particular to the dreamer, but all dreamers can agree on the connection. Assume you and a friend have a dream about drowning. Your dream, that is, your particular problem symbolized by the dream, may concern a relationship; your friend's dream may concern financial affairs, but you both may share the feeling of being in a situation "over your heads." Fromm is probably not as helpful as Freud or Jung in enabling most people to understand their own dreams. To Fromm, the "why" of dreams reflect an assortment of the many ways the mind can create and act. Fromm adopted the Freudian view that a dreamer needs an expert analyst as a guide, in order to sort out the correct meaning of the symbols in his dream. While Freud presented the same point of view, he at least offered a comprehensive theory that could be studied by laymen. The major issue in dream analysis still remains identifying the correct interpretation of a dream. After dream symbols are explored and identified, with or without an analyst, there may be many possible logical interpretations of a dream. Who decides which one is correct? There appears to be only one appropriate answer. If the dreamer does not feel illuminated about the nature of his dream and his emotional conflicts, then the dream has not been correctly interpreted. The dreamer subcon-sciously knows the correct interpreta- tion of the symbols created in his unconscious, without knowing he knows it. He will recognize it consciously, however, when he stumbles upon it in the process of analyzing his own dreams. </text>
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<text>SIGMUND FREUD: Perhaps the most famous pioneer of the psyche is Sigmund Freud, the father of modern psychoanalysis. Freud believed that all dreams had a personal meaning, and that meaning began in the dreamer's unconscious* wish for something. (*For a discussion of the conscious and uncon- scious realms of the mind, press button #1 to the right.) For any number of reasons (guilt, shame, fear, etc.), the dreamer wanted to keep his wish hidden from his conscious knowledge. Thus, he disguised or "censored" his dreams. Despite the disguise, though, the dreamer could unravel the mystery of his dream by a process called "free association." In this process the dreamer voices any thought that comes into his mind about a feature or symbol in the dream. He then voices another thought associated in his mind with the first thought, and so on. The thoughts are associated but not necessarily rationally connected. Because they are not rationally connected, they are "free associations." It is the belief of Freudian psychologists, however, that the associations are not "free" in the sense that each is independent of all the others. Consciously, that appears to be true. Unconscious impulses, however, cause each association to appear. It is the job of the dreamer and his psychoanalyst to discover the meaning of the dream by investigating and interpreting the unconscious "wishes," that is, the "why" of the dream, hidden within the associations. Of course, the above description is only a sketch, (and an incomplete sketch at that), of Freudian dream theory. There are many connected theories and beliefs underlying the principles and processes of Freudian psychology. Many of these theories and beliefs are difficult to understand, and some may seem farfetched. For many decades Freud's theories have been attacked, and sometimes ridiculed. Great criticism, however, is often reserved for great men. Undoubtedly, not all dreams can be understood solely in terms of "wish ful- fillment" and through "free association." It is equally true, however, that hundreds of thousands of people have been helped to understand themselves and their emotional conflicts by interpreting their dreams the Freudian way.CARL GUSTAV JUNG It may well be that the work of Carl Gustav Jung embodies the most difficult concepts to understand in dream analysis. Unlike Freud, who was his contemporary and onetime colleague, Jung approached each dream with a humble sense of inquiry. He believed he could not know what a dream meant, nor could he discover the meaning, without the help of the dreamer. THE CLASH OVER THE "WHY" OF DREAMS: Contrast this approach to that of Freud who believed that each dream was conceived as a response of the uncon- scious to a repressed wish. The mechanism of mental repression was the "why" of dreams to Freud. Although Freud encouraged free association upon the part of his patient, he felt this was for the patient's benefit in coming to understand his inner conflicts. Freud believed he could interpret the dream through its contents, that is, through the symbols the dreamer used to express his repressed wishes. To the extent that Jung followed a procedure or hypothesis as a guide to dream interpretation, (that is, to the extent that he developed an answer to the "why" of dreams) that hypothesis would be Jung's theory of "compensation." Actually, "compensation" is best not considered a theory at all. Rather it is more an affinity toward the philosophy of Heraclitus, the ancient Greek philosopher who proclaimed life consisted of change. Everything in existence flowed into its opposite. Jung believed that the contrast between the face (or faces) we show to the world, and who we feel we really are, creates mental problems. The tension or energy which arises from these problems in turn creates dreams. The mind needs to balance or "compensate" for the energy flow within it. Dreams are the means it uses. Thus, all dreams draw their creation and creative energy from the compensation process.CLASH OVER THE MEANINGOF DREAM SYMBOLS: Freud and Jung clashed not only over the "why" of dreams, but also over the meaning of symbols in a dream. Freud believed symbols were used by the unconscious precisely because they carried a particular universal meaning, as say a stop sign means the same thing to a New Yorker and a Californian. Jung believed symbols functioned not as signs, but rather as fetuses. You did not know exactly what you had until it was deliv- ered. To Jung, all dream symbols originated in the unconscious, the ream of the mind containing the original patterns or "archetypes" from which all existing things were formed. Nothing is known of this realm in the sense of provable knowledge, because it is not accessible to the workings of the conscious mind. Dreams, therefore, had the character of supernatural revelations. The process of their interpretation should not be constricted by assigning meanings to symbols prior to their appearance in a dream. "FREE ASSOCIATIONS" VERSUS"AMPLIFICATIONS": A third difference between the Freudian and Jungian approaches to dream analysis is the use of Freud's "free associations" as compared to Jung's "amplifications." In the former Freud is using or manipulating the subconscious to illuminate the dreamer's "complex," or the repressed emotional wish that triggered and created the dream. Jung also wants to uncover the complex, but he is not willing to accept that it always consists of a repressed wish, and he believes it can best be uncovered by working within the dreamer's here and now consciousness. Jung's patient, therefore, is asked to "am- plify" or expand and expound his own rational thoughts about symbols in his dreams. As we analyze our dreams, we come to know ourselves better, and can create self-growth in the sphere of the mind. The latter from a Jungian point of view is the most important result of dream interpretation. The resolution of the immediate conflict symbolized by the dream is less important than the enlargement of our consciousness and knowledge about ourselves and our world.THREE MORE IMPORTANT JUNGIAN CONCEPTS: 1. Anima 2. Animus 3. Shadow There are three additional concepts of Jungian psychology that are valuable in terms of dream analysis. The first two, anima and animus, are respectively, the female attributes present in varying degree in all men, and the male attributes present in varying degree in all women. These attributes are generally greatly repressed by both sexes. In large measure this repression is due to a cultural identity being imposed upon us. Presently, a great deal is written and discussed about equal rights for men and women. Often, however, such equality is expressed and supported in economic terms rather than in cultural roles. Most men and women in Western culture embrace their cultural identity and help to perpetuate it among the younger generations. Any law or social trend that seems to alter a person's cultural identity, and especially the sexual aspect of that identity, is seen as a threat. Yet, as modern biologists tell us, all humans are bisexual in their genes and psychological processes. It is a matter of degree, not of fact. To disown any part of ourselves can, of course, only create problems. We cannot in a physiological sense choose to be less than we are, nor choose to lose a part of our being. We ought not want to do so in a psychological sense. The disowned part of us will demand recognition, and that demand will be seen in our dreams. In analyzing dreams, then, it may be well for us to scrutinize male and female images, and consider whether they represent our anima or animus. The third concept, the shadow, is also an aspect of our psyche that we often try to disown. No wonder! It is our dark side, our "evil" self, containing the impulses we shrink from in the light, and believe no "good" person possesses. In fact, however, everyone has a shadow. It should be consciously acknowledged for three reasons. First, there can be a tendency to project on to others our own dark thoughts. Assigning our shadow outside ourselves to another person, group or entity (for example, the "devil"), makes the world a very threatening place. Second, once the shadow self is accepted and examined in the light of consciousness, it lessens the force of the dark images in our dreams and upon our minds. Third, accepting the shadow will help to validate, at least in the perspective of Jungian psychology, our hard work in examing our dreams. We will create an enlarged insight about ourselves and our world. </text>
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<text> In the writings of Sigmund Freud, you might find the terms subconscious or preconscious, rather than unconscious. The terms unconscious, subconscious and preconscious are not interchangeable, but for the purposes of this book we shall consider the "mind," (that is, all mental processes), to have two realms. One realm, the unconscious, contains information which is not accessible to the conscious realm by deliberate will. Information flows from the the unconscious to the conscious by a means which is not known. The conscious, including the subconscious, contains information which can be obtained through various means of mental manipulation. Thus, the subconscious may be considered the subway stop, not the originating station of dream content. Very possibly, when dream content concerns banal affairs of the day, as it sometimes will, the information may be stored in the subconscious and enters a dream in progress or becomes the whole of a dream. Nevertheless, for the sake of presenting information in a form that is most usable to readers without an extensive background -- or interest -- in the subject, the unconscious/conscious pairing will be maintained. It should also be noted that at one time Freud considered all unconscious material to have been repressed. That is, he believed all dream content had its origins in wishes or desires too threatening to be experienced consciously. In effect, the dreamer himself put the "raw materials" of the dream into the unconscious where it was processed into dream images. Later, Freud came to agree with Carl Gustav Jung that at least some of the material in the unconscious came into being and existed in a way or ways other than through repression. </text>
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<text> In the first book of the Bible there is a famous story about a "double" dream. A young man named Joseph is told two dreams by the Egyptian pharaoh. Joseph states both dreams came from God and contained the same warning; there will be seven years of prosperity followed by seven years of famine, for which the Pharaoh must prepare. Joseph may well be the first man in history to have successfully analyzed a dream "series." </text>
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<text> We turn a globe. We see representa-tions of tall mountain ranges, raging oceans, green grasslands, rolling rivers, sprawling plains and sandy deserts. We are not surprised. We have seen the natural features of our world many times, on tv, in movies and within the pages of books and magazines. Yet, we are only vaguely aware that all we see was created by forces we do not see. Deep in the center of the earth tremendous heat and pressure have caused mountains to thrust upward, bodies of water to appear and disappear, and entire continents to move. The invisible underworld of the earth created, and continues to create, the visible environment. That which is true of our material world, is also true of our mental universe. Deep in our minds flows an underground river of thoughts, feelings and images. The river flows constantly through a region of our minds called the unconscious, offering us ideas, fears, hopes and goals. Sometimes we observe the images that flow in the river, and call them dreams, but most of the time we are not aware the river exists.FEAR But exists it does, sometimes flowing fast and rough, other times moving gently through our minds. No one is certain why it exists. Many explanations have been offered about the river. In prehistoric times it may well be that cavemen had difficulty distinguishing between consciousness and their dream world. They knew so little about the physical world as compared to our present knowledge, the content of their dreams was probably as threatening and strange as the occurrences in their daily lives. Thus, one possible reason for dreams is that fear maintains such a hold upon the mind that the mind has a need to deal with fear continuously. Dream content then becomes a continuation of conscious anxiety.PROPHECY Another possible cause of dreams that can be derived from ancient writings, is that dreams are prophetic. Implicit in this belief is the idea that the unconscious is in some way in contact with eternity, and can send forth information about the future. Of course, ancient writers did not perceive prophecy in such a manner. Usually they assessed the information in the dream as coming from God or the gods. (For a biblical example press button #1) SUBCONSCIOUS LOGIC A third possible reason for dreams is the ability of the human mind to engage in inductive or deductive reasoning; that is, to evaluate many different facts, and place them in a meaningful pattern, or conversely, to know a particular principle and see how it applies to a single fact. Many people mistakenly believe dreams which are created by the inductive and deductive reasoning processes are precognitive. What actually occurs is that the mind has information it is not aware it possesses. (Press button #2 for an example). Your "intuition" appears to be mystical, but, in fact, your mind already knows at least some of the facts that will affect the future. As with computers, your mind processes the information and makes a logical projection of a possible outcome of a future event. As is also true of computers, the projection may be logical without being accurate. We could not, of course, exhaust in a chapter, or an entire book, all of the possible reasons why people dream. Many renown scientists of the mind spent their entire careers probing the whys and wherefores of dreams. If you will return to the chapter face card by clicking on the hand icon to the bottom right, you will find descriptions of the major ideas of four well-known pioneers in the field of dream analysis as well as being eminent in the wider field of psychology. The quilt of their ideas may not fit the entire bed, but at least most of the bed will be well-covered. </text>
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<text> Perhaps you notice over a period of time that a neighbor has gained weight, started smoking heavily, and has a poor complexion. You do not dwell upon these thoughts, and may not even be aware that they have flickered through your mind. One night you dream the neighbor has a heart attack. If it does not happen you will probably forget the dream. If it does, you may believe you have had a precognitive experience; that is, you knew before you had the facts to know. But, in fact, your mind had the facts.</text>
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<text>3 FAST POINTS:1. Enjoy the stack. You can communicate with me via Compu- serv (I.D.# is 73667,1420), or by writing to me at 34 Ringwood Court, Pompton Lakes, New Jersey 07442. 2. As I mentioned in several places throughout the text, there can be many plausible interpreta- tions of any dream. Only the dreamer experiences the feeling of insight that comes with the correct interpreta- tion. EVERYONE IS THEIR OWN EXPERT WHEN IT COMES TO DECIDING A CORRECT INTERPRETATION OF A DREAM. EVERYONE'S VIEWPOINT IS VALID FOR HIM OR HERSELF.3. Any protection scheme can be hacked by the resourceful, and some consider locked stacks a challenge to their ingenuity. I did not, therefore, lock the stack. I only made it inconvenient to alter, as both a reminder and a request to keep change orderly. It is in the interests of all users to preventa multiplicity of versions of the stack. Just click on the face to your left to getback to the Table of Contents. Bob Cadden </text>
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